Spanish era Philippines (reformatted)

19th Century Philippines

Background

The Spanish colonization of the Philippines was initially planned to establish a base on the Silk Road and a platform for Spain's expansion into Asia. When the Crown realized its Asian ambitions were unfeasible, it chose to retain control of the islands. Due to their strategic importance, Spain linked the Philippines to the Mexican viceroyalty of New Spain and established a minimal colonial administration consisting of military personnel, civil servants, and religious orders.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Philippines transitioned from an agrarian subsistence economy to an intermediary economy, bridging Asia, America, and Europe through the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade. Trade, entrepreneurial activity, and investments surged in the second half of the 19th century, aided by the opening of the Panama Canal and foreign capital. However, the Spanish government failed to adapt colonial policies to the changing economic landscape, maintaining a stagnant administration resistant to reform.

Despite the negative aspects of colonial rule, Spanish integration fostered social cohesion, contributing to a nascent national identity. Catholicism deeply influenced Philippine society, while public works—such as lighthouses, the Manila Harbour Board, and the Hydrographic Committee of the Pacific—and scientific advancements (e.g., the Manila Observatory) were notable imperial contributions.

Contrary to idyllic portrayals, historical photographs reveal a complex, developing nation. A census from 1894, based on parish records, recorded 6,414,373 inhabitants, with an additional unregistered million consisting of indigenous groups, Chinese, Moros, and foreigners. The census also noted 2,751 clergy members and 21,513 military personnel, of whom fewer than 3,000 were Spanish-born. These figures highlight a colonial regime dominated by a small Spanish elite wielding ideological and coercive power.

1800s

The 1800s were a period of global upheaval, with shifting European power dynamics. In the Philippines, Spanish rule persisted, and native resistance remained ineffective due to policies that suppressed literacy and exploited ethnic divisions.

Below are snapshots of Philippine life before the 1896 revolution:

Scenes from Spanish Colonial Life

Society and Culture

Spanish Women and a Filipina Mestiza

Spanish women and a Filipina mestiza

Spanish Bullfighting Ring in Paco

Spanish bullfighting ring in Paco

Spanish Luxury

Spanish luxury in the old days

Spanish Civilians on the Manila-Dagupan Railway

Spanish civilians on the Manila-Dagupan line

Old Manila Map

Old Manila map

Dominican Friars in Cagayan

Spanish Dominican friars in Cagayan

Religion and Control

The Church maintained tight control over the population, using the pulpit to reinforce social hierarchies. Life for the indios (natives) was harsh, while the upper class enjoyed luxury.

Market Scene in Batangas (1886)

A typical market scene - Batangas market

Indio Children

Indio children

Chinese Influence

Chinese traders played a vital role in Manila's economy, despite Spanish distrust and periodic crackdowns.

Chinese Trader (Late 1800s)

A Chinese trader in the late 1800s

Chinese Merchants and Artisans

Chinese merchants and artisans

Urban Development

Escolta (Manila's Commercial District)

A street scene in Escolta, the commercial area of Spanish period Manila

Bridges Over the Pasig River

Bridges connecting Manila districts

Economic Activities

Tobacco Harvesting

Tobacco harvesting in Cagayan valley

Factory Operations

A Spanish-owned factory

Education and Science

Ateneo de Manila Classroom

A classroom in Ateneo de Municipal

Manila Observatory

Jesuit-owned Manila observatory

Military Presence

Spanish and Native Soldiers

Various types of Spanish and Indio soldiers

Mindanao and Spanish Resistance

Mindanao remained largely outside Spanish control due to fierce resistance from Muslim communities. The Moro Wars persisted throughout the colonial period, with Spain fortifying key positions like Zamboanga and Cotabato.

Fortifications in Mindanao

Fortifications in Cotabato

Spanish Campaigns in Mindanao

Spanish military campaigns in Mindanao

The Road to Revolution

In 1872, the Cavite Mutiny marked the beginning of organized resistance against Spanish rule. The execution of priests José Burgos, Mariano Gómez, and Jacinto Zamora galvanized nationalist sentiment, leading to the Propaganda Movement and, eventually, the 1896 revolution.

Historical Discoveries: The Oldest Philippine Photographs

In 2007, 18 rare daguerreotypes (early photographs) from the 1840s were discovered in the Hispanic Society of America. These images, the oldest known photographs of the Philippines, depict Manila, Marikina, and Laguna.

Manila (1840s)

Early photographs of Manila (1840s)

Laguna (1840s)

Laguna in the 1840s

Marikina (1840s)

Marikina in the 1840s